[Syntax] 4. Constituency (3)

[Syntax] 4. Constituency (3)

 

4.3 The Coordination Test

Coordination Test: Only constituents can be coordinated.

 

 

 

4.3.1 Ordinary Coordination

 

(1) Frank washed his shirts yesterday.

(3) Frank washed and ironed his shirts yesterday.

(4) Frank washed his shirts and polished his shoes yesterday.

(5) Frank washed his shirts yesterday and last week.

(6) Frank washed his shirts yesterday and polished his shoes last week.

 

(7) (a) John wrote to Mary and to Fred
      (b) John wrote a letter and a postcard

      (c) *John wrote a letter and to Fred

      (d) *John wrote to Fred and a letter

 

(8) Only identical categories can be conjoined

 

 

 

 

 예외! predicatively (술어의 부분으로) 쓰인 부분은 다른 종류의 Phrase끼리 coordinate 될 수 있다.

 

(9) (a) John is a banker and extremely rich

      (b) John is moody and under the weather

      (c) John is a superb athlete and in a class of his own

 

⇒ A variety of diffferent phrase type can be coordinated when used predicatively - e.g. as the complement of a Verb like be.

 

 

 

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4.3.2 Shared Constituent Coordination Test (Right Node Raising)

 

(1) (a) John walked ―, and Mary ran ―, [up the hill]

      (b) John denied ―, but Fred admitted ―, [complicity in the crime]

      (c) John will ―, and Mary may ―, [go to the party]

 

 

 

(2) *John rang ―, and Harry packed ―, up Mary's sister

 

(2)는 안되는 이유? 동사의 종류가 다르기 때문!

 

(3) John walked up the hill and Mary ran up the hill

(4) John rang up Mary's sister and Harry picked up Mary's sister

 

rang up, pick up 에서 up 은 동사와 함께 동사구 (phrasal verb)를 이룬다.

 

 

 

(5) Shared Constituent Coordination is only possible when where the shared string is a possible constituent of each of the conjuncts

 

(6) Frank washed ―, and Dick ironed ―, the shirts.

 

 

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4.4 The Cleft and Pseudocleft Test

Cleft sentence는 특정 단어구를 강조하기 위해 많이 쓰이는 문장 구조이다.

 

Cleft and Pseudocleft Test: Only constituents can occur in the focus position of a cleft or pseudocleft sentence.

 

 

 

※ Cleft Sentence

It    +     form of be      focus      who/that...

It    +     was                   Frank      who washed his shirts yesterday

 

 

※Pseudocleft Sentence

Wh-item    +              ....               +    form of be    +    FOCUS

What           +       Frank did       +          was           +  WASH HIS SHIRTS YESTERDAY

 

 

focus 자리에는 special emphsis를 두고, new information이 온다.

 

 

 

 

(1) Cleft Sentence:

     (a) It was your big brother who built his house.

     (b) It is her artificial smile that I can't stand.

     (c) It was for Mary that John bought the flowers (not for Susan).

     (d) It was just last week that Mary offered me the job.

 

(2) Pseudo-Clefts:

     (a) What I can't stand is her artificial smile.

     (b) What John said to mary was that he intended to run for parliament.

     (c) What I like for breakfast is fried noodles.

 

 

 

 

(3) Cleft Sentences:

     (a) *It was [a book] [to Mary] that John gave.

     (b) *It was [last week] [your brother] that I arrested.

     (c) *It was [your big] who built this house brother.

 

(4) Pseudo-Clefts:

     (a) *What John gave was [a book] [to Mary].

     (b) *? What Bill stole was [my diary] [from my dest drawer].  

     (c) *What I can't stand smile is [her artificial].

 

⇒ The material that occurs in the focused position must be a complete constituent.

⇒ Only one constituent may appear in this position at a time.

 

 

 

 

 

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4.5 The Insertion Test

(1) (a) Certainly / *Completely, the team can rely on my support

      (b) *The certainly / completely team ccan rely on my support

      (c) The team certainly / *completely can rely on my support

      (d) The team can certainly / completely rely on my support

      (e) The team can rely certainly / *completely on my support

      (f) *The team can rely on certainly / completely my support

      (g) *The team can rely on my certainly / completely support

      (h) The team can rely on my support certainly / completely

 

(2)

(i) Adverbs like certainly are S-adverbs, and hence can only be attached to an S-node

(ii) Adverbs like completely and VP-adverbs, and so can only be attached to a VP node

 

(4) Possible positions for S-adverbs like certainly
     [ S ▼ The team ▼ can ▼ [VP rely on my support VP] ▼ S]

 

(5) Possible position for VP-adverbs like completely  
     [ S The team can [VP ▼ rely ▼ [pp on my support ] ▼ VP ] S]

 

 

 

4.6 Sentence Fragment Test (The Constituent Response Test/Stand-alone Test)

 

 

(1) A: What did you buy at the flea market?

      B: An old Swedish wineskin, / *An old Swedish.

 

(2) Dick:          Where did you buy this bread?

      Frances:   In the supermarket.

 

 

오직 constituent 단위만 의문문의 대답으로써 쓰일 수 있다.

Constituent Response Test: Only constituents can  serve as responses to open interrogatives.

 

 

 

하지만 조금 더 면밀히 살펴보면, 필수 성분이 constituent로부터 생략되는 경우가 종종 있다. 예를 들어, 

 

(3) (a) [the good], [the bad], and [the ugly]

      (b) [The rich] get richer and [the poor[ get children.

 

(4) A: Which of these sentences sounds more natural to you?

      B: The second.

 

 

위의 예시와 같이, head noun이 생략될 수 있다. 즉, sentence fragment에 나타난다고 해서 반드시 완전한 constituent인 것은 아니다. 

⇒ A sentence fragment does not always mean that the string forms a complete constituent.

 

 

하지만 반대는 성립! 만약 sentence fragment 자리에 올 수 없는 단위라면, 그 단위는 곧 constituent가 아니라고 볼 수 있다. 

⇒ But the comverse appears to be ture: if a given string cannot occur as a sentence fragment, that generally means that the string is not a constituent.