[Syntax] 4. Constituency (2)

[Syntax] 4. Constituency (2)

 

4.2 Substitution (Replacement)

Substitution Test: A particular string of words must be a constituent if it can be substituted by a suitable proform. 

 

 

4.2.1 Substitution of nominal projectsion: NP

 

(1) My father admires my mother.

(2) He admires her.

 

(3) Speaker A: What do you think of the guy who wrote that unbelievably boring book on Transformational Gramar?

      Speaker B: I can't stand him.

 

우리가 흔히 알고 있는 용어에 따라 표현하자면 [the guy who wrote that unbelievably boring book on Transformational Gramar]는 Pronoun(대명사) him 의 antecedent(대명사)라고 할 수 있다. 하지만 이 표현은 적절하지 않다. 왜냐하면  him은 명사(noun)을 대신하는 것이 아니라, 명사구 전체(Noun Prase)를 대신하기 때문이다. 그래서 pro-NP(pro-Noun Phrase) 라는 표현이 더 정확하다.

 

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4.2.2 Other Phrase substitution

 

1. pro-PP: pro-Prepositional Phrase

 

(1) Speaker A: Have you ever been to Paris?

       Speaker B: No, I have never been there.

 

(2) Our neighbours will go on holiday on Sunday, and we will leave then too.

 

 

 

2. pro-VP constituents

 

(3) (a) John might [VP go home], and so might Bill.

      (b) John might [VP resign his post]. as might Bill.

 

 

 

3. pro-AP: pro-Adjectival Phrase

 

(4) Many people consider John [AP extremely rude], but I've never found him so.

(5) They say that Wayne is very unhappy and so he is.

 

 

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4.2.3 Substitution of nominal projections: N' (One-substitution)

 

He, she, it 등의 인칭대명사는 full NP를 대치한다.

그리고 영어에서는 full NP 보다 작은 단위를 대치할 수 있는 대용어가 있는데 바로 proform one 이다.

 

One-Substitution: The Proform one replaces N'-constituents.

 

(1) Mark is a dedicated teacher of language, but Paul is an different one.

 

(6) the one with a red cover

(7) *the one of poems with a red cover

 

 

 

(8) This student of chemistry is more industrious than that student of chemistry / one.

 

(9) The [student of physics with long hair] is more intelligent than the [student of physics / one with short hair].

 

(10) *The student of physics is taller than the student/*one of chemistry.

 

(11) *The king of England is taller than the king/*one of Spain.

 

 

(12)(a) The big dog chased the small dog/one.

        (b) The town is larger than that town/one.

 

 

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4.2.4 Substitution of verbal projections: VP

 

VP-Deletion, null proform

 

(1) Bill:          Will you please leave the room?

      Dawn:     OK, I will ― !

 

(2) Wayne:   Can you play the piano?

      Greg:        Yes, I can ― !

 

(3) Henry:     You take a lot of risks.

       Jake:       I am to ― !

 

 

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4.2.5 Substitution of verbal projections: V' (Do so - Substitution)

 

Do so - Substitution: Do so replaces V'-constituents.

 

(1) Dawn cleaned the windows diligently.

(3) Dawn cleaned the windows diligently, and Sean did so too.

(4) Dawn cleaned the windows diligently, but Sean did so lazily.

 

(5) Barry hired a big Jaguar, and Milly did so too.

(6) Lenny sent Will a postcard, and Gemma did so too.

 

(8) *Barry hired a big Jaguar, and Milly did so a Volkswagen.

(9) *Lenny sent Will a postcard, and Gemma did so a present.

 

⇒Do so can never replace less than a V'.

 

 

(10) Martha put some money in the bank on Friday.

         And Shirley put some money in the bank on Friday/did the same thing.

 

첫번째 동사구와 두번째 동사구가 완전히 같을 때에는 did the same thing 으로도 대치 가능

 

 

 

 

문장의 뒤에 Modifier가 있는 경우,

 

(11) Martha put some money in the bank on Friday.

         And Shirley put some money in the bank/did the same thing on Monday.

 

Time Phrase를 남겨두고 대치 가능

 

 

 

(12) Martha put some money in the bank.

         And Shirley put some money/*did the same thing in her wall safe.

 

Locative-phrase complement일 때는 불가능

 

 

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4.2.6 V'-Deletion

 

(1) Dawn cleaned the windows diligently.

 

(3) Dawn will clean the windows diligently, but Sean will ― lazily.