[Syntax] 3. Clause and Movement(2)
4.5 NP-Movement: Passive
(1) These lorries produce filthy fumes.
(2) Filthy fumes are produced by these lorries.
Thematic role에서 (1)과 (2)를 보자면, (1)과 (2) 모두에서 NP these lorries 는 agentive role을 가지고, NP filthy fumes 는 Patient(Theme) role을 가진다. 이에 근거하여 언어학자들은 passive sentence는 active sentence에서 movement를 거친 형태라고 본다.
(3) Filthy fumes are produced ― by these lorries
Passive sentence에서는 두 가지 movement (NP movement, V monement)가 발생한다.
4.5.1 Evidence of NP movement in passive structures
(5) The car will be put ― in the garage
NP The car 이 postverbal position ― 로부터 Subject 자리로 이동했다.
하지만 그 증거는!?
1. Subcategorization
(7)(a) John will put [NP the car] [PP in the garage]
(b) *John will put [NP the car]
(c) *John will put [PP in the garage]
(d) *John will put
동사 put은 NP와 PP를 subcategorize한다. 하지만 위의 (5) 문장에서는 NP를 취하지 않는데도 불구하고 정문으로 간주한다. 이를 설명하기 위한 한 가지 답은 수동태의 Preverbal NP (주어)가 postverbal Object NP로부터 이동해왔다는 것이다.
⇒ The preverbal italicised Subject NP in passive sentences like (5) originates at Deep Structure in postverbal Object NP position.
2. Gap Argument
만약 NP movment가 발생했다면, 목적어 자리에는 다른 NP로 채워질 수 없는 gap이 발생한다.
(8) *[The car] ill be put the bike in the garage
(9) * ― will be put [NP the car] [NP the bike] [PP in the garage]
3. Object Idom Chunks
(10)(a) The government keeps tabs on his operations
(b) I want you to pay heed to what I say
(c) The Chief of Staff pays lip service to the President
(d) The Prime Minister paid homage to the dead
(e) You'll have to grasp the nettle and bite the bullet
(f) She took note of what I said
(g) Let's take advantage of the warm weather
(11)(a) *Tabs won't affect me
(b) *Everyone needs tabs
(c) *I don't like talking about tabs
예시와 같이 특정 표현들은 동사 바로 다음에 와서 숙어적 의미로 쓰인다. 따라서 이런 NP들은 idiom chunk NPs(Object idiom chunks)라고 한다. 이 NP들은 반드시 동사 뒤에 와야하며, (11)과 같이 다른 자리에는 올 수 없다.
(12)(a) You can't expect to have my attention/*heed all the time
(b) He's always trying to attract my attention/*heed
(c) He's a child who needs a lot of attention/*heed
(d) I try to give him all the attention/*heed he wants
의미적인 제약은 아님! 왜냐하면 비슷한 의미를 가진 동의어적인 표현과 비교하였을 때에 같은 규칙이 성립되지는 않기 때문!
(13)(a) Little heed was paid ― to her proposal
(b) Close tabs were kept ― on all Thatcherites
(c) Little note was taken ― of what I said
(d) Due homage was paid ― to the dead
(e) Little advantage was taken ― of the situation
그렇다면 수동태로 쓰였을 때에 (NP가 동사 다음 자리가 아닐 때)도 여전히 정문이며 숙어적 의미가 유지될 수 있을까?
⇒ Idiom chunk NPs are restricted to occuring immediately after specific verbs at Deep structure (though of course they can subsequently be moved out of their underlying position by movment rules like NP movement)
4. Thematic Relations
(14)(a) They rolled [the ball] down the hill
(b) [The ball] was rolled down the hill
(15)(a) They will give [Mary] nothing
(b) [Mary] will be given nothing
(16) [NP e] will be [V' given Mary nothing]
능동태 에서의 목적어 (active object) 는 수동태에서의 주어(passive subject) 와 같은 thematic role을 가진다.
⇒ Theta-roles are 'preserved' under movement, so that when NP movement applied to 'passivize' Mary, Mary retains the theta-role of GOAL.
4.5 NP-Movement: Subject-to-Subject Raising
(1) Danny seems to be working.
(2) Phil appears to be singing.
동사 seem, appear은 linking verb로서, 주어와 to 부정사구를 연결해주는 역할을 한다.
(3) It seems that Danny is working.
(4) It appears that Phil is singing.
즉 위와 같이 바꿔쓸 수 있음!
여기서 주목할 점은 dummy pronoun itLinking verbs는 주어 it에 thematic role를 부여하지 않는다. Danny, Phil 은 주어 자리로 이동하기 전 종속절 동사로부터 thematic role을 할당받는다. 이를 NP movement라고 하며, 구체적으로는 Subject-to-Subject movement에 해당된다.
⇒ Linking verbs do not assigh thematic roles to their Subjects.
⇒ Danny and Phil receive their thematic role from working and singing in a subordinate clause, before being moved to the matrix clause Subject position.
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⇒ Linking verbs are one-place predicates that take clausal arguments.
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